Terror Timeline

Terrorism is the worst disease on the planet and it must be eradicated. These are terror acts, failed attempts and retaliations that are results of terrorism. You may want to pay close attention to what percentage of terrorist acts are perpitrated by Islamo-Facist. If you still believe that the United States Policy of Pre-emption is not justified, make sure you study the following timeline very carefully.

1970 Nahariya/Avivim School Bus Attack by Palestinian PLO terrorists, killing nine children, three adults and crippling 19

1970 September 6 In an attempted seizure of an Israeli El Al jetplane, hijacker Sandinista Patrick Arguello was killed and hijacker Leila Khaled was captured.

1970 October 5 - 17 October Crisis (Quebec): FLQ murder of Pierre Laporte, kidnapping of James Cross1971 December 4 UVF bomb in McGurk's bar in Belfast's North Queen Street kills 15 people.

1972 May 30 Lod Airport Massacre by the Japanese Red Army terrorists, killing 26 and injuring 78

1972 July 21 Bloody Friday nine are killed and 130 injured as Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) set off 22 bombs

1972 July 31 Provisional Irish Republican Army set of three car bombs in Claudy killing six

1972 September 5 Munich Olympic Massacre by Black September1973 December 20 ETA basque terrorist group kills spanish Prime Minister Admiral Carrero Blanco bombing his car in Madrid.

1974 April 11 Kiryat Shmona Massacre at an apartment building by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine terrorists, killing 18 people, 9 were children

1974 Maalot massacre at the Maalot High School in Northern Israel by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine terrorists

1974 UVF detonate 3 car bombs in Dublin and one in Monaghan; 33 dead - the deadliest toll of any one day in Ireland's 'Troubles'.

1974 TWA Flight 841

1974 JRA-PFLP attack on a Shell Oil facility in Singapore and the simultaneous seizure of the Japanese embassy in Kuwait

1974 September 13 ETA basque terrorist group bombs the "Rolando" cafeteria in Madrid, kills 12.

1974 October 5 Guildford pub bombing by the IRA leaves 5 dead and 44 injured

1974 November 21 Birmingham pub bombing by the IRA kills 19, 182 people are injured.

1975 January 24, FALN bomb the Fraunces Tavern, killing four and injuring more than 50

1975 Tel Aviv Savoy Hotel guest attacked by Palestinian PLO terrorists

1975 July 31 Three members of Ireland's popular Miami Showband killed in UVF gun attack.

1976 Hijacking of Air France Flight 139 (Tel-Aviv-Paris) and the following Operation Entebbe

1976 73 died when a Cubana aircraft was bombed while flying from Barbados to Havana.

1976 February 3 Somali Coast Liberation Front hijack a school bus in Djibouti, killing one girl

1976 September 21 Orlando Letelier assassinated in Washington by Chilean government

1976 December 4 In the Netherlands, members of the RMS movement occupy the Indonesian diplomatic consulate in The Hague. One Indonesian official was killed.

1976 December 14 In the Netherlands, near Beilen, a passenger train was hijacked by members of the RMS movement, passengers were kept hostage. Three passengers were killed by the hijackers.

1977 April 7 Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver were shot by two Red Army Faction members.

1977 May 23 In the Netherlands, RMS activists kept 105 children and 5 teachers hostage in a school in Smilde.

1977 June 11 In the Netherlands, near Groningen, a passenger train was hijacked by members of the RMS, 55 passengers were kept hostage. In an army attack six hijackers and two passengers were killed.

1977 July 30 Jürgen Ponto, then head of the Dresdner Bank, was shot and killed by the Red Army Faction in a failed kidnapping.

1977 September 5 Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped by the Red Army Faction. He was executed by the Red Army Faction on October 19 1977.

1977 October 13 Lufthansa flight LH 181 was kidnapped by a group of four Arabs around the leader "Captain Martyr Mahmud".

1978-1995 The Unabomber kills three and injures 29 in a string of anti-technology bombings

1978 March 16 - May 9 The Red Brigade kidnapping of Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro and assassinate him 55 days later.

1978 March In the Netherlands members of the RMS movement occupy a provincial office in Assen. 67 persons were kept hostage, one official was killed on the spot, another died of injuries a month later.

1978 A bomb is detonated outside the CHOGM meeting in Sydney Australia, killing 2 people. 3 Ananda Marga members are later arrested and jailed for the attack

1978 Palestinian Fatah terrorists on the Tel Aviv - Haifa highway kill 34 Israelis.

1979 July 29, ETA basque terrorist group bombs two railway stations in Madrid, kills 7.

1979 August 27 Lord Mountbatten and three others are killed by IRA bomb on board his boat off Mullaghmore. The same day two IRA bombs kill 18 British Soldiers near Warrenpoint.

1980s

1980 Four US nuns killed by death squads in El Salvador1980 December U.S. trained Salvadoran Army unit executes 800 civilians at the village of El Mozote

1980 March 24 Archbishop Óscar Romero assassinated by death squads in El Salvador

1980 April 30 Iranian Embassy siege Iraqi agents took over the Iranian Embassy in London, gaining hostages. After a number of days, one hostage was killed by the Iraqis, and the Special Air Service assaulted the building to rescue the remaining hostages. One hostage died during the assault.

1980 August 2 Neo-Fascist bomb kills more than 80 people and injures 291 people in Bologna railway station

1981 October 6 Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat by Islamic Jihad

1982 July 20 Two bombs in Hyde Park and Regent's Park, London by the IRA kill 8 members of the Household Cavalry and the Royal Green Jackets. Seven horses are also killed.

1982 September 14 Assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Bashir Gemayel and twenty-five others in an car explosion at the Kataeb headquarters

1982 September 17 Sabra and Shatila Massacre: the murder of hundreds of Palestinian civilians at refugee camps by Israeli-backed Christian Phalangist militiamen

1983 Harrods bomb by the IRA. Six are killed (including three police officers) and 90 wounded during Christmas shopping at the West London department store.

1983 April 18 U.S. Embassy Bombing in Beirut, Lebanon kills 63

1983 September 23 Gulf Air Flight 771 is bombed, killing all 117 people on board

1983 October 9 Rangoon bombing by North Koreans targets South Korean President Chun Doo Hwan, killing 21 persons and injuring 48

1983 October 23 Marine Barracks Bombing in Beirut kills 241 U.S. Marines. 58 French troops from the multinational force are also killed in a separate attack.

1984 October 31 Two Sikh bodyguards assassinate Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi

1984 IRA bomb in the Grand Hotel Brighton 5 are killed in an attempt to kill members of the British cabinet.1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking

1985 IRA mortar attack kills nine soldiers in Newry

1985 June 22 Air India flight 182 is blown up by a bomb put onboard the flight from Canada by Sikh nationalists. All 329 passengers are killed. The single most deadly terrorist attack prior to September 11, 2001.

1985 October 7 - October 10 Achille Lauro cruise ship hijacking by Palestinian Liberation Front, a passanger in a wheelchair is puposely killed

1985 EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacked by Abu Nidal group, flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.

1985 Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks1985 Investigators associated with the WHO reported that U.S.-funded Contras repeatedly destroyed health-care facilities and murdered health-care workers in Nicaraqua.

1986 New Year's Eve fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, claimed 97 lives, mainly in the casino area. Fire set by 3 hotel workers, trying to make tourists stay away from Puerto Rico as a protest to their working wages.

1986 TWA Flight 840 bombed on approach to Athens airport; 4 Americans, including an infant, are killed.

1986 June 14 ANC bombs Why Not Restaurant and Magoo's Bar in Durban, South Africa, 3 people killed, 73 wounded.

1986 July 15 ETA Basque militant group bombs a Guardia Civil police truck, kills 12.

1986 April 6 the La Belle discotheque in Berlin, a known hangout for U.S. soldiers, was bombed, killing 3 and injuring 230 people, for which Libya is held responsible. In retaliation, the US bombs Libya in Operation El Dorado Canyon and tries to kill dictator Qaddafi.

1986 Pan Am Flight 73, an American civilian airliner, is hijacked; 22 people die when plane is stormed in Karachi, Pakistan.

1987 Enniskillen massacre. Remembrance Day parade in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh is bombed by the IRA and 11 are killed and 63 injured

1987 June 19th, ETA Basque militant group bomb in Hipercor Mall's parking in Barcelona, kills 21, 45 injured.

1987 KAL Flight 858 bombed by North Korea.

1987 December 11 ETA Basque militant group bomb a Guardia Civil police bedrooms in Zaragoza, kills 11, 40 injured.

1988 Pan Am Flight 103 bombing (Lockerbie)1989 Deal barracks bombing: Ten Royal Marines bandsmen are killed and 22 injured when base in Deal, Kent is bombed by the IRA.

1989 Two bombs explode in Mecca, killing one pilgrim and wounding 16 others.1989 September 19 UTA Flight UT-772 kills 171 people

1989 Avianca Flight 203 bombed over Colombia

1990s

1990 A series of car bombings directed by the IRA in Northern Ireland leave 7 people dead and 37 wounded.

1991 Two IRA members are killed by their own bomb in St Albans.

1991 May 29 ETA basque terrorist group bombs the Guardia Civil police barracks in Vic (Barcelona), kill 10.

1992 Israeli Embassy bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina; 29 die.

1992 Eight Protestant builders killed by an IRA bomb on their way to work at an Army base near Omagh.

1993 February 26 World Trade Center bombing kills 6 and injures over 1000 people

1993 Failed New York City landmark bomb plot

1993 June 21 ETA basque terrorist group bombs a militar truck in Madrid, kills 7, 36 injured.

1993 July 5 the IRA detonate a 1500lb car bomb (the largest used in Northern Ireland) in the centre of Newtownards in Northern Ireland, no one is killed but massive property damage is caused to the town centre.

1993 Mir Aimal Kansi, a Pakistani, fires an AK-47 assault rifle into cars waiting at a stoplight in front of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters. Two died.

1993 Mumbai car bombings in India

1993 IRA bomb in Warrington kills two children.

1993 IRA detonate a huge truck bomb in the City of London at Bishopsgate, killing two and causing approximately £350m of damage.

1993 October 23 A bomb at a fish and chip shop on the Protestant Shankill Road, Belfast kills 10 people, including two children.

1993 October 30 Seven people killed in a Loyalist UFF gun attack in a bar in Greysteel, Co Derry.

1994 Bombing of Jewish Center in Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 86 and wounds 300. Eight days later the Israeli Embassy in London and a Jewish charity are car-bombed. 20 are wounded. All three incidents are blamed on Hezbollah.

1994 July 19 Alas Chiricanas bombing kills 21 people

1994 Baruch Goldstein kills 29 Palestinian civilians in an attack on mosque in Hebron.

1994 Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked by GIA members who planned to crash the plane on Paris but didn't succeed.

1994 A small bomb explodes on board Philippine Airlines flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. Authorities found out that Ramzi Yousef planted the bomb to test it for his planned terrorist attack.

1994 June 18 Six Catholic men shot dead by Loyalists in a pub in Loughinisland, Co Derry.

1995 Operation Bojinka is discovered on a laptop computer in a Manila, Philippines apartment by authorities after an apartment fire occurred in the apartment.

1995 March 20 Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway by AUM Shinrikyo cultists1995 April 19 ETA Basque militant group tries to kill José María Aznar (then leader of the Popular Party, later a Spanish Prime Minister) bombing his car, kills a woman.

1995 April 19 Oklahoma City bombing killing 168 people

1995 Islamist terror bombings in France by a GIA unit (Khaled Kelkal being one of the operational leaders)

1995 Bombing of military compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

1995 December 11 ETA Basque militant group bombs a militar truck in Madrid, kills 6 civilian public servants.

1996 Central Bank Bombing in Sri Lanka kills 90 and wounds 1,400.

1996 A series of four suicide bombings in Israel leave 60 dead and 284 wounded within 10 days.
1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing, killing one and wounding 111.

1996 IRA break their cease-fire and kill two in a bomb at the Canary Wharf towers in London.

1996 Manchester bombing by IRA

1996 Khobar Towers bombing

1996 April 18 Qana massacre: the killing of over a hundred civilians and when the IDF, under Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Defence Minister Ehud Barak, shell a UN refugee camp at Qana (or Kana) in Israeli-occupied Southern Lebanon as part of Operation Grapes of Wrath against Hezbollah guerrillas. Hundreds more refugees are mutilated (e.g. limbs amputated, blinded, etc.) by shrapnel, and some of the dead were beheaded by shrapnel.

1997 Islamic terrorists attack tourists in Luxor, Egypt, killing 71 people, most of them European and Japanese vacationers.

1997 A terrorist opened fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State Building in New York City, killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claimed this was a punishment attack against the "enemies of Palestine".
1997 December 22. Acteal massacre - 46 killed while praying in Acteal, Chiapas, Mexico. A paramilitary group associated with ex-president Salinas is held responsible.

1998 U.S. embassy bombings

1998 Omagh bombing by the so-called "Real IRA" kills 29.

1999 Gunmen opened fire on Shi'a Muslims worshipping in an Islamabad mosque killing 16 people injuring 25.

1999 David Copeland nail bomb attacks against ethnic minorities and gays in London.

1999 Ahmed Ressam is arrested on the US-Canada border in Port Angeles, Washington; he confessed to planning to bomb the Los Angeles International Airport as part of the

2000 millennium attack plots

1999 Jordanian authorities foil a plot to bomb US and Israeli tourists in Jordan and pick up 28 suspects as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots

1999 Indian Airlines Flight 814, which just took off from Kathmandu, Nepal for Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India is hijacked, one passenger is killed and some hostages are released. After negotiations between the Taliban and the Indian government, the last of the remaining hostages on board Flight 814 are released

1999 August 31 - September 22 Russian Apartment Bombings kills about 300 people, leading Russia into Second Chechen War.Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel since the Declaration of Principles (September 1993) to September 2000 (http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0cc40)

2000s

2000 The last of the 2000 millennium attack plots fails, as the boat meant to bomb USS The Sullivans sinks

2000 Intensification of the campaign of terror attacks on civilians in Israel begun after the signing of the Oslo Accords - see Terrorism against Israel in 2000

2000 German police foil Strasbourg cathedral bombing plot

2000 USS Cole bombing kills 17 US sailors2001 February 5 A bomb blast in Moscow's Byelorusskaya subway station injures 15 people.

2001 September 11, 2001 attacks kill thousands in New York City, New York, and hundreds in Arlington, Virginia and Pennsylvania

2001 Paris embassy terrorist attack plot foiled

2001 Anthrax attacks on the offices the United States Congress and New York State Government offices, and on employees of television networks and tabloid

2001 December 13,

2001 Terrorist attack on Indian Parliament

2001 Palestinian attacks against Israeli civilians continue - see Terrorism against Israel in 2001, as do attacks on Palestinian civilians by the IDF and Jewish settler paramilitaries

2001 Jewish Defense League plot to blow up the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California foiled

2001 Richard Reid, attempting to destroy American Airlines Flight 63, is subdued by passengers and flight attendants before he could detonate his shoe bomb

2002 Singapore embassies terrorist attack plot foiled

2002 March 24 Twenty people die and 93 are injured in three bomb attacks on Russian towns near the border of Chechnya

2002 Ghriba Synagogue Attack in Tunisia

2002 May 8 Bus Attack in Karachi

2002 May 9 A bomb explosion in Kaspiisk in Dagestan kills at least 42 people and injures 130 or more during Victory Day festivities.

2002 June 14 attack outside U.S. Consulate in Karachi

2002 Limburg tanker bombing in Yemen

2002 Kidnapping and murder of journalist Daniel Pearl

2002 October 12 Bali car bombing of holidaymakers kills 202

2002 Zamboanga bombings in the Philippines2002 October 19 A car bomb explodes outside a McDonald's Corp. restaurant in Moscow, killing one person and wounding five.

2002 October 23 Moscow theater hostage crisis begins; 120 hostages and 40 terrorists killed in rescue 3 days later.

2002 Most deadly year of Palestinian terror campaign against Israel, including the Passover Massacre in which 30 people are killed - see Terrorism against Israel in 2002

2002 Kenyan hotel bombing2003 Palestinian terror attacks against Israel continue, including the Maxim restaurant massacre. See Terrorism against Israel in 2003

2003 Attacks on Palestinian civilians by the IDF and Jewish settler paramilitaries continue

2003 Chechen militants carry out several deadly suicide bombings across Russia and nearby provinces, killing more than 250 people

2003 Riyadh Compound Bombings - bombings of United States expat housing compounds in Saudi Arabia kill 26 and injure 160. Al-Qaeda blamed

2003 Casablanca Attacks in Casablanca, Morocco leaves 41 dead. The attack involved 12 bombers and 5 targets. The targets were "Western and Jewish". Attack attributed to a Moroccan al-Qaeda-linked group

2003 Canal Hotel Bombing in Baghdad, Iraq kills 22 people including the top UN representative, Sergio Vieira de Mello

2003 In response to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, guerrillas in that country stage dozens of suicide bombings targeting Iraqi and Coalition targets. Attacks on coalition forces may not be terrorist attacks under Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions which gives lawful combatant status to non-uniformed guerrillas resisting foreign occupation if they display arms openly

2003 Istanbul Bombings: Within five days, truck bombs go off at two synagogues, the British Consulate, and the HSBC Bank in Istanbul, Turkey

2003 May 12 A truck bomb attack on a government building in the Chechen town of Znamenskoye kills 59

2003 May 14 As many as 16 die in a suicide bombing at a religious festival in southeastern Chechnya

2003 July 5 15 people die and 40 are injured in bomb attacks at a rock festival in Moscow

2003 August 1 An explosion at the Russian hospital in Mozdok in North Ossetia kills at least 50 people and injures 76

2003 September 3 A bomb blast on a passenger train near Kislovodsk in southern Russia kills seven people and injures 902003 October 15 - A bomb is detonated by Palestinians against a US diplomatic convoy in the Gaza Strip killing three Americans

2003 December 5 Suicide bombers kill at least 46 people in an attack on a train in southern Russia

2003 December 9 A blast in the center of Moscow kills six people and wounds at least 11

2004 Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2004

2004 109 Kurds are killed in 2 suicide bombings in Arbil, Iraq

2004 February 6 Bomb on Moscow subway kills 41

2004 February 27 Superferry 14 is bombed in the Philippines by Abu Sayyaf, killing 116.

2004 Suicide bombings at Shia holy sites in Iraq kill 181 and wound more than 500

2004 Attack on procession of Shia Muslims in Pakistan kills 43 and wounds 160

2004 March 9 Attack of Istanbul restaurant in Turkey

2004 March 11 bombing of commuter trains in Madrid, Spain kills 191 people and injures more than 1,400

2004 April 21 Basra bombs in Iraq

2004 April 21 Bombing of a security building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia kills 5

2004 May 29 Al-Khobar massacres--Islamic terrorists kill 22 people at an oil compound in Saudi Arabia.

2004 August 24 Russian airplane bombings kill 90

2004 August 31 A blast near a subway station entrance in northern Moscow, caused by a suicide bomber, kills 10 people and injures 33

2004 September 1 - 3 Beslan school hostage crisis in North Ossetia, Russia results in over 330 dead

2004 September 9 Jakarta embassy bombing - the Australian embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia was bombed, killing seven people

2004 September 20 Eugene Armstrong was beheaded in Iraq

2004 September 21 Jack Hensley was beheaded in Iraq

2004 October 7 Three car bombs explode in the Sinai Peninsula, killing at least 32 and wounding 114, most of them Israeli tourists.

2004 September 30 - October 15 Israel Defense Forces Operation Days of Penitence in Gaza Strip kills 133 Palestinians, including 31 children.

The Constitution of the United States

The Federal Convention convened in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Because the delegations from only two states were at first present, the members adjourned from day to day until a quorum of seven states was obtained on May 25. Through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that, rather than amend the existing Articles, the Convention would draft an entirely new frame of government. All through the summer, in closed sessions, the delegates debated, and redrafted the articles of the new Constitution. Among the chief points at issue were how much power to allow the central government, how many representatives in Congress to allow each state, and how these representatives should be elected--directly by the people or by the state legislators. The work of many minds, the Constitution stands as a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise.

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article. I. Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section. 2. Clause 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. Clause 2: No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Clause 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. (See Note 2) The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Clause 4: When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Clause 5: The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Section. 3. Clause 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, (See Note 3) for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Clause 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. (See Note 4) Clause 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Clause 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. Clause 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. Clause 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Clause 7: Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Section. 4. Clause 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. Clause 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, (See Note 5) unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Section. 5. Clause 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Clause 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Clause 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Clause 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section. 6. Clause 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. (See Note 6) They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, beprivileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. Clause 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section. 7. Clause 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Clause 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Clause 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section. 8. Clause 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; Clause 2: To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; Clause 3: To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; Clause 4: To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; Clause 5: To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; Clause 6: To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; Clause 7: To establish Post Offices and post Roads; Clause 8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; Clause 9: To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; Clause 10: To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; Clause 11: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; Clause 12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; Clause 13: To provide and maintain a Navy; Clause 14: To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; Clause 15: To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; Clause 16: To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; Clause 17: To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, byCession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And Clause 18: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section. 9. Clause 1: The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. Clause 2: The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Clause 4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. (See Note 7) Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. Clause 7: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. Clause 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section. 10. Clause 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. Clause 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. Clause 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article. II. Section. 1. Clause 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows Clause 2: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. Clause 3: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President. (See Note 8) Clause 4: The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. Clause 5: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. Clause 6: In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, (See Note 9) the Same shall devolve on the VicePresident, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. Clause 7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Clause 8: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section. 2. Clause 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. Clause 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. Clause 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article. III. Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section. 2. Clause 1: The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--between a State and Citizens of another State; (See Note 10)--between Citizens of different States, --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. Clause 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. Clause 3: The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section. 3. Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. Clause 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article. IV. Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section. 2. Clause 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. Clause 3: No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. (See Note 11) Section. 3. Clause 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. Clause 2: The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article. V. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article. VI. Clause 1: All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. Clause 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. Clause 3: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article. VII. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, GO WASHINGTON--Presidt. and deputy from Virginia [Signed also by the deputies of twelve States.] Delaware Geo: ReadGunning Bedford junJohn Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom Maryland James MCHenryDan of ST ThoS. Jenifer DanL Carroll. Virginia John Blair--James Madison Jr. North Carolina WM BlountRichD. Dobbs Spaight.Hu Williamson South Carolina J. RutledgeCharles 1ACotesworth PinckneyCharles PinckneyPierce Butler. Georgia William FewAbr Baldwin New Hampshire John LangdonNicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel GorhamRufus King ConnecticutWM. SamL. JohnsonRoger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Wil: LivingstonDavid Brearley.WM. Paterson. Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania B FranklinThomas MifflinRobT MorrisGeo. ClymerThoS. FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson. Gouv Morris Attest William Jackson Secretary NOTES Note 1: This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate Clauses, and were not in the original and have no reference to footnotes. The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791. In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,) expressing their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union if the States by which they were respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take into consideration the situation of the United States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would effectually provide for the same. Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to "be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention." On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788. The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, "received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States." Note 2: The part of this Clause relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the several States has been affected by Section 2 of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by amendment XVI. Note 3: This Clause has been affected by Clause 1 of amendment XVII. Note 4: This Clause has been affected by Clause 2 of amendment XVIII. Note 5: This Clause has been affected by amendment XX. Note 6: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXVII. Note 7: This Clause has been affected by amendment XVI. Note 8: This Clause has been superseded by amendment XII. Note 9: This Clause has been affected by amendment XXV. Note 10: This Clause has been affected by amendment XI. Note 11: This Clause has been affected by amendment XIII. Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791. Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939. Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. Note 14: This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX. Note 15: See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI. Note 16: Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI.